Lepidosaphes ulmi

Literature

  • Acatay, A. 1970. Pests of Rosa damascena Mill. in Turkey. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde und Pflanzenschutz 43: 49-53.
  • Aleksidze, G. 1995. Armored scale insects (Diaspididae), pests of fruit orchards and their control in the Republic of Georgia. In: K.R.S. Ascher and Y. Ben-Dov (eds), Proceedings of the VII International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, held in Bet Dagan, Israel, June 12-17 1994. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 187-190.
  • Amerling, C. 1858. Noch einige physiokratische Beobachtungen an den Obstbäumen in der Umgegend von Prag. Lotos 8: 99-104.
  • Amparo Blay Golcoechea, M. 1993. La familia Diaspididae Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868 de España peninsular y Baleares (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). PhD thesis. Madrid, Spain, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 736 pp.
  • Argyriou, L.C. 1990. Olive. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 579-583.
  • Argyriou, L.C. and A.L. Kourmadas 1981. Contribution to the timing for the control of Diaspididae scales of olive trees. Annales de l'Institut Phytopathologique Benaki 13: 65-72.
  • Babayan, G.A. and S.B. Oganesyan 1979. Fresh data on the bioecology of the Armenian mussel scale (Lepidosaphes malicola Borchs) (Diaspididae) in Armenia. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii 32: 187-193.
  • Baerensprung, F.V. 1849. Beobachtungen über einige einheimische Arten aus der Familie der Coccinen. Zeitung für Zoologie, Zootomie und Palaeozoologie 1: 165-170, 173-176.
  • Borchsenius, N.S. 1962a. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Diaspididae (Homoptera, Coccoidea). (In Russian.) Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye 41: 861-871.
  • Borchsenius, N.S. 1966. A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world. (In Russian.) Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, Russia. 449 pp.
  • Borisoglebskaya, M.S. 1979. Necessity of protecting decorative plants as well. Zashchita Rastenii 7: 61.
  • Bouché, P.F. 1851. Neue arten de Schildlaus-familie. Entomologische Zeitung. Entomologischen Verein zu Stettin 12: 110-112.
  • Burger, H.C. and S.A. Ulenberg 1990. Quarantine problems and procedures. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 313-327.
  • Busschère, P.J. de, Bachman, F. and W. Vogel 1970. Distribution of hibernating forms of apple pests in the region of Gembloux (November and December 1967). Bulletin de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux 5: 152-176.
  • CSIRO 2001. Website http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn.
  • Carrillo, L.R., Cifuentes, C.C. and B.N. Mundaca 1995. Life cycle of Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 22: 14.
  • Charles, J.G. and R.C. Henderson, submitted. Catalogue of the exotic armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand (submitted January 2002). .
  • Claps, L.E., Wolff, V.R.S. and R.H. González, 2001. Catálogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exóticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Revista de la Socieded Entomológica Argentina 60: 9-34. .
  • Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899a. Some notes on Coccidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phildelphia (1899): 259-275.
  • Commonwealth Institute of Entomology 1958. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Series A (Agricultural), Map No. 85. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 1 p.
  • Curtis, J. (as Ruricola) 1843a. Aspidiotus concchiformis (the apple-tree mussel scale, or dry scale). Gardener's Chronicle 42: 735-736.
  • Danzig, E.M. and G. Pellizzari 1998. Diaspididae. In: F. Kozár (ed.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coccoidea. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Akaprint Nyomdaipari Kft., Budapest, Hungary: 172-370.
  • Davidson, J.A. and D.R. Miller 1990. Ornamental plants. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 603-632.
  • Dekle, G.W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Revised edition. Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas, Volume 3. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, USA. 345 pp.
  • Dietz, H.F. and Morrison, H. 1916. The Coccidae or scale insects of Indiana. Indiana State Entomologist Eighth Annual Report (1914-1915) 8: 195-321.
  • Dijke, J.F. van, and A. Frankenhuyzen 1985. Mussel scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) is again increasing in importance in fruit growing. Fruitteelt 75: 178-179.
  • Dirimanov, M., Burov, D., Karov, S., Lecheva, I. and A. Mitkov 1984. A quality product at a low price. Rastitelna Zashchita 32: 37-39.
  • Douglas, J.W. 1886. Notes on some British Coccidae (No. 2). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 22: 243-250.
  • Easterbrook, M.A., Solomon, M.G., Cranham, J.E. and E.F. Souter 1985. Trials of an integrated pest management programme based on selective pesticides in English apple orchards. Crop Protection 4: 215-230.
  • Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical Fruit Pests. University of California, Los Angeles, USA. 436 pp.
  • El-Minshawy, A.M., El-Sawaf, S.K., Hammad, S.M. and A. Donia 1974. Survey of the scale insects attacking fruit trees in Alexandria district. Part II. Fam. Diaspididae, subfam. Diaspidinae, tribe Diaspidini. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 22: 265-273.
  • Fernald, M.E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Special Bulletin. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachussetts Agricultural College, Bulletin No. 88. 360 pp.
  • Ferris, G.F. 1937. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. (Series 1) (Volume 1) Stanford University Press, California, USA. SI-1 to SI-136.
  • Fitch, A. 1855. The apple bark-louse, Aspidiotus conchiformis, Gmelin; Coccus arborum linearis, Moodeer and others; Diaspis linearis, Costa. In: Report on noxious, beneficial, and other insects of the state of New York. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society with an Abstract of the Proceedings of the County Agricultural Societies 14: 735-742.
  • Foldi, I. 2001. Liste des cochenilles de France (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 106: 303-308.
  • Fowjhan, M.A. and F. Kozár 1994. New data on the scale insect fauna (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of fruit plants in Afghanistan. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 29: 3-4.
  • Garrett, W.T. 1973. Biosystematics of the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Maryland. PhD Thesis. Ann Arbor, MI, USA: University Microfilms Catalogue 79722671 (Dissertation 73-9-700). 108pp.
  • Gennadius, P. 1895. Sur deux nouvelles cochenilles du caroubier dans l'Ile de Chypre (Hem.). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Bulletin des Séances) 64: cclxxvii.
  • Gertsson, C-A. 2001. An annotated checklist of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Sweden. Entomologisk Tidskrift 122: 123-130.
  • Gharib, B. 1978. Sur deux nouvelles races biologiques distinctes chez Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Séries D 286: 1313-1314.
  • Gharib, B. and C. Bénassy 1983. Ecological-physiological study on the arrests of embryonic development in the scale insect Lepidosaphes ulmi L. (Coccoidea, Diaspididae). II. - Conditions for resumption of embryonic development of the two races developing on apple and poplar. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata 4: 185-193.
  • Ghauri, M. 1962. The morphology and taxonomy of male scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History). Adlard and Son, Dorking, UK. 221 pp.
  • Gill, R.J. 1997. The scale insects of California. Part 3. The armored scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics and Plant Pathology No. 3. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA. 307 pp.
  • Goethe, R. 1884. Beobachtungen über Schildläuse und deren Feinde, angestellt an Obstbäumen und Reben im Rheingau. Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 37: 107-131.
  • Gomez-Menor Ortega J 1968. Adiciones a los coccidos de Espana. EOS, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, Madrid 43: 541-563.
  • Groot, R.C. de 1967. Twig and branch mortality of American Beech infested with oystershell scale. Forest Science 13: 448-455.
  • Gómez-Menor Ortega, J. 1937. Cóccidos de España. (In Spanish.) Instituto de Investigaciones Agronómicas, Estación, Madrid. 432 pp.
  • Hart ,G. and W.R. Byrnes 1960. Trees for strip-mined lands. Northeast Forest Experiment Station Paper 136: 36.
  • Hegde, R.K., Siddaramaiah, A.L. and K.S. Krishna Prasad 1977. A note on little leaf of Angelonia grandiflora. Plant Disease Reporter 61: 588.
  • Helsen, H.H.M., Blommers, L.H.M., Trapman, M.C., Polesny, F., Muller, W. and R.W. Olszak 1996. Timing observation and control of mussel scale Lepidosaphes ulmi. Bulletin OILB SROP 19: 145-149.
  • Herrick, G.W. 1911. Some scale insects of Mississippi with notes on certain species from Texas. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 2: 1-78.
  • Hollinger, A.H. 1923. Scale insects of Missouri. Research Bulletin. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia 58: 1-71.
  • Howell, J.O. and H.H. Tippins 1977. Descriptions of first instars of nominal type-species of eight diaspidid tribes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70: 119-135.
  • Hudson, N.M. 1967. A list of the armoured scale insects (Diaspididae) and their hosts in Tasmania. The Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 101: 91-95.
  • Johnson, W.T. and H.H. Lyon 1976. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. An illustrated practical guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 464 pp.
  • Karsemeijer, M.M.D. 1973. Observations on the enemies of the oyster shell scale Lepidopsaphes ulmi, on apple in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 79: 122-124.
  • Kawai, S. 1980. Scale insects of Japan in colors. (In Japanese.) National Agricultural Education Association, Tokyo. 455 pp.
  • King, G.H. 1901. The Coccidae of British North America. The Canadian Entomologist 33: 193-200.
  • Komosinska, H. 1986. Occurrence of scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) on avenue trees in Warsaw. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University 20: 3-12.
  • Konashevich, A.G. 1980. Early spring treatment of apple. Zashchita Rastenii 2: 47-48.
  • Konstantinova, G.M. 1976. Coccids - pests of apple. Zashchita Rastenii 12: 49-50.
  • Korchagin VN 1987. Diaspidids and coccids. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva) 3: 58-59.
  • Koronéos, J. 1934. Coccidae de la Grèce, surtout du Pélion (Thessalie). I. Diaspinae. Athens, Greece. 95 pp.
  • Kosztarab, M. 1963. The armored scale insects of Ohio (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey (New Series) 2: 1-120.
  • Kosztarab, M. 1990. 3.1.2 Economic importance. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 307-311.
  • Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of north-eastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia, USA. 650 pp.
  • Kosztarab, M. and F. Kozár 1988. Scale insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kaido, Budapest, Hungary. 456 pp.
  • Koteja, J. 1983. Notes on the scale-insect fauna of Poland (Homoptera, Coccinea). V. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 53: 673-677.
  • Kozar, F. and J. Drozdjak 1988. Peculiarities in the distribution of scale-insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on deciduous fruit trees in Hungary. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 23: 187-210.
  • Kozarzevskaja, E. and A. Vlainic 1981. Injuriousness and distribution of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in cultural biotypes in Belgrade. Sumarstvo 34: 13-26.
  • Kozarzevskaja, E. and A. Vlainic 1982. Biological-ecological survey of scale insects - pests of cultivated flora in Belgrade (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Zastita Bilja 33: 183-202.
  • Kozár, F. 1990b. 3.9.7 Deciduous fruit trees. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 593-602.
  • Kozár, F. and C. Hippe 1996. A new species from the genus Greenisca Borchsenius, 1948 and additional data on the occurrence of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Switzerland. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 57: 91-96.
  • Kozár, F. and G.M. Konstantinova 1981. The scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of deciduous fruit orchards in some European countries. (Survey of scale insect (Homoptera: Coccoidea) infestations in European orchards No. III.) Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16: 211-222.
  • Kozár, F., Guignard, E., Bachmann, F., Mani, E. and C. Hippe 1994. The scale insect and whitefly species of Switzerland (Homoptera: Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 67: 151-161.
  • Kozár, F., Konstantinova, G.M., Akman, K., Altay, M. and H. Kiroglu 1979. Distribution and density of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on fruit plants in Turkey in 1976 (Survey of scale insect (Homoptera: Coccoidea) infestations in European orchards No. 11). Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 14: 535-542.
  • Kulikova, E.G. 1987. Scale insects - polyphagous pests of tree species. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva) 11: 53.
  • Lambdin, P.L. and J.K. Watson 1980. New collection records for scale insects of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 55: 77-81.
  • Lindinger, L. 1936. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse (Coccidae). Entomologisches Jahrbuch 45: 148-167.
  • Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Pars II. Regnum Animale. Holmiae [Stockholm], Sweden. 824 pp.
  • Longo, S., Marotta, S., Pellizzari, G., Russo, A. and A. Tranfaglia 1995. An annotated list of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Italy. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 113-130.
  • Macphee, A.W. and C.R. Maclellan 1971. Ecology of apple orchard fauna and development of integrated pest control in Nova Scotia. Proceedings Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management, Tallahassee, Florida, 3: 197-208.
  • Matesova, G.I. 1980. [Records on the biology of San José scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.) in Southwest Kazakhstan. In: The Insects of Kazakhstan".] (In Russian.) Trudy Instituta Zoologii, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 39: 6-23.
  • McDaniel, E.I. 1939. Controlling shield scales of deciduous trees. Extension Bulletin, Michigan State, 194.
  • Mendel, Z., Blumberg, D., Zehavi, A. and M. Weissenberg 1992. Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plants Spartium junceum and Erythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae). Chemoecology 3: 118-124.
  • Merrill, G.B. 1953. A revision of the scale insects of Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Plant Board 1: 1-143.
  • Miller, D.R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98: 68-86.
  • Murakami, Y. 1970. A review of biology and ecology of diaspine scales in Japan (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Mushi 43: 65-114.
  • Mussey, G.J. and D.A. Potter 1997. Phenological correlations between flowering plants and activity of urban landscape pests in Kentucky. Journal of Economic Entomology 90: 1615-1627.
  • Nakahara, S. 1982. Checklist of the armored scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae) of the conterminous United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA. 110 pp.
  • Nel, R.G. 1933. A comparison of Aonidiella aurantii and Aonidiella citrina, including a study of the internal anatomy of the latter. Hilgardia 7: 417-466.
  • Newstead, R. 1901a. Observations on Coccidae (no. 19). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 37: 81-86.
  • Palmer, J.M. and L.A. Mound 1990. 2.2.5 Thysanoptera. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 67-76.
  • Parent, B. 1970. Chemical control of the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), in apple orchards in southwestern Quebec. Annals of the Entomological Society of Quebec 15: 71-79.
  • Parent, B. 1973. Note on Aphytis proclia and Anabrolepis mayri (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), parasites of the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (Homoptera: Coccidae). The Canadian Entomologist 105: 175.
  • Riley, C.V. 1873. The oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple - Mytilaspis pomicorticis n. sp. Annual Report, Noxious Insects of the State of Missouri 5: 73-96.
  • Robb, R.L., Costa, H.S., Bethke, J., Cowles, R. and M.P. Parrella 2001. (2000). Pests of floricultural and
    ornamental nurseries. University of California Pest Management Guidelines. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.floriculture.html.
  • Rosen, D. 1990b. 3.6.6 Biological control: selected case histories. In: D. Rosen (ed.), 1990. Armored scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 497-505.
  • Savescu, A.D. 1955. Une nouvelle espèce de cochenille: la cochenille virgule du peuplier (Lepidosaphes pupuli Savescu n. sp.) (Coccoidea-Diaspididae). Bulletin de la Section Scientifique, Académie Roumaine. Bucharest 7: 915-925.
  • Savescu, A.D. 1957. Die Linden-Kommaschildlaus (Lepidosaphes tilliae sp. n.). Anzeiger fur Schädlingskunde 33: 197-201.
  • Savkovskij, P.P. 1969. Atlas of pests of fruit trees and small fruits. Second edition. (In Russian.) Kiev. 214 pp.
  • Schmutterer, H. 1951. Zur Lebensweise der Nadelholz-Diaspidinen (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae, Diaspidinae) und ihrer Parasiten in den Nadelwäldern Frankens. (In German). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 33: 111-136.
  • Seghatoleslami, H. 1977. List of scale insects (Fam. Diaspididae) of Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran 4: 5-19.
  • Semyanov, V.P. and R.W. Olszak 1996. Lady beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Leningrad region orchards (fauna, biology and their role in pest population dynamics). In: F. Polesny and W. Muller (eds), International conference on integrated fruit production, at Cedzyna, Poland, 28 August-2 September 1995. Bulletin-OILB-SROP 19: 208-211.
  • Shimer, H. 1868. Notes on the "apple bark-louse" (Lepidosaphes conchiformis Gmelin sp.) with a description of a supposed new Acarus. Transactions of the American Entomological Society.
  • Signoret, V. 1870. Essai sur les cochenilles (Homoptères-Coccides). 6ème partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Série 4) 10: 91-110.
  • Soulis, B. 1960. Hemiptera attacking Euramerican poplars. Das Chronicles 2: 1164.
  • Tao, C. 1999. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, China. 176 pp.
  • Thiem, H. 1933. Über ein- und zweigeschlechtliche Kommaschildläuse (Lepidosaphes ulmi unisexualis und bisexualis L. rubri und L. newsteadi) der deutschen Coccidenfauna. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrank 43: 638-657.
  • Torres del Castillo, R., Mendez, P., Carnero, A. and M. Fernandez 1992. Pests of cultivated Chamaecytisus proliferus (L.fil.) Link ssp. palmensis (Christ.) Kunkel in the Canaries. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 18: 483-489.
  • Trenchev, G. and A. Pavlov 1981. Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer - a predatory mite on Lepidosaphes ulmi L. (In Bulgarian.) Gradinarska I Lozarska Nauka 18: 35-37.
  • Velimirovic, V. 1990. Scales-olive pests in southern part of Montenegro. Acta Horticulturae 286: 395-397.
  • Viggiani, G., Battaglia, D. and R. Jesu 1986. The mating of Physcus testaceus Masi (Hym. Aphelinidae), with preliminary notes on the structure of the male antennal scape. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria "Filippo Silvestri", Portici 43: 3-6.
  • Wang, H.X., Chen, G.Q., Li, W.D., Gong, J.Q. and K.H. Liang 2000. The occurrence and identification of Arbutus scales and their control in the Taizhou area. (In Chinese.) South China Fruits 29: 30-32.
  • Witte, H. and K.A. Lein 1992. Influence of crop-protection measures on overwintering stages of insect pests and their parasitization in apple growing. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer (English edition) 45: 239-276.
  • Xie, Y. 1982. The scale insects of the forest and fruit trees in Shanxi of China. China Forestry Publishing House. 147 pp.
  • Yanin, V.V. 1975. Coccids as pests of park plants. (In Russian.) Zashchita Rastenii 3: 43-45.
  • Yasnosh, V.A. 1995. Coccids of economic importance and their control in the Republic of Georgia. Israel Journal of Entomology 29: 247-251.
  • Zahradník, J. 1990. 3.9.9.1 Conifers. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 633-644.
  • Zahradník, J., 1990. 3.9.9.2 Other forests. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armoured scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 645-654. .

%LABEL% (%SOURCE%)