(Green, 1896)
Diagnosis
Scale cover of female in life circular or subcircular, 2.5-3.0 mm in diameter, convex, pale or yellow-brown, with dark red-brown central or sub-central exuviae (Balachowsky, 1958; Williams and Watson, 1988) PSTRIL1.jpg . Scale cover of male oval, 1.8 mm long, dirty white PSTRIL5.jpg . Exposed body of adult female garnet-red to dark wine-red (Balachowsky, 1958) PSTRIL4.jpg .
Body of slide-mounted adult female approximately elongate pyriform, but with a pronounced constriction between pro- and mesothorax; cuticle becoming sclerotized with maturity PSTRILS.jpg . Pygidium with dorsal areolate sclerotized area present; paraphyses present, each without a detached knob at inner end; perivulvar pores present in four groups; apex of pygidium truncate, with median, second and third lobes almost at the same level; median lobes each about twice as long as wide PSTRIP1.jpg .
Host range
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is a highly polyphagous species that has been recorded from hosts belonging to 42 plant families (Borchsenius, 1966), but its host range is probably wider. Hosts include species of: Acacia, Aleurites, Anacardium, Annona squamosa, Arbutus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Barringtonia, Bauhinia, Bischofia, Calophyllum, Camellia, Capsicum, Carica, Cassia, Catharanthus, Cerbera, Citrus spp., Clitoria, Codiaeum, Coffea, Cordyline, Corylus, Crescentia, Dalbergia, Diospyros kaki, Dodonaea, Eriobotrya, Eugenia, Eurya, Ficus spp., Genipa, Hydrangea, Inga, Ixora, Jasminum, Laurus nobilis, Maclura, Mangifera indica, Manilkara, Maranta, Marsdenia, Mucuna, Murraya paniculata, Myrciaria, Myrtaceae, Nectandra, Nerium, Olea europaea, Passiflora, Persea americana, Phoebe, Plumeria, Pothos, Pouteria, Premna, Prunus spp., Psidium guajava, Pyrostegia, Pyrus communis, Quercus, Randia, Salix, Santalum, Schinus, Scolopia, Talisia, Theobroma cacao, Trachelospermum and Vitis vinifera.
Affected plant stages: vegetative growing, flowering and fruiting stages
Affected plant parts: on leaves, usually on the undersides PSTRIL2.jpg
Biology and ecology
This species is found on numerous economically important host-plants in Brazil (Claps et al., 2001a). Crawlers are the primary dispersal stage and move to new areas of the plant or are dispersed by wind or animal contact. Mortality due to abiotic factors is high in this stage. Dispersal of sessile adults and eggs occurs through human transport of infested plant material.
Economic impact
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is known as an important pest of cashew, Citrus and cacao (USDA, 1979).
Detection and inspection methods
Examine leaves of the host-plants listed above, for circular or subcircular, convex, pale or yellow-brown scale covers, each with dark red-brown central or sub-central exuviae PSTRIL2.jpg .
Natural enemies
Parasitoids:
- Habrolepis neocaledonensis, in New Caledonia
Predators:
- Rhyzobius pulchellus, attacking: nymphs, adults, in Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Distribution
See Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis distribution.
Microscopic examination of slide-mounted adult females is required for authoritative identification to species.
Comments
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis probably originated in southern Asia (Williams and Watson, 1988), but it has spread considerably. It has not been recorded from most of North America, or from western Europe.
Europe
Former USSR
Abkhazia: under glass (Nakahara, 1982)
Caucasus: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Asia
Borneo: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Cambodia: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
China: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Fujian: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Guangdong: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Guangxi: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Hainan: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Hong Kong: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Jiangxi: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Macao: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Sichuan: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Yunnan: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Zhejiang: present, no further details (Tao, 1999; Wang et al., 2000)
India: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Andhra Pradesh: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Assam: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Bihar: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Goa: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Karnataka: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Kerala: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Maharashtra: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Tamil Nadu: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
West Bengal: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Indonesia: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Irian Jaya: present, no further details (Williams and Watson, 1988)
Java: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Sulawesi: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Japan: present, cannot read any further details (Kawai, 1980; Tao, 1999)
Honshu: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Kyushu: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Shikoku: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Laos: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Malaysia: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
West Malaysia: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Maldives: present, no further details (Watson et al., 1995)
Myanmar: present, no further details (CIE, 1981; Tao, 1999)
Pakistan: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Philippines: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Ryukyu Is: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Singapore: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Sri Lanka: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Taiwan: present, no further details (Wong et al., 1999)
Thailand: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Vietnam: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Africa
Angola: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Benin: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Cameroon: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Chad: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Congo Democratic Republic: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Côte d'Ivoire: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Egypt: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Gambia: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Ghana: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Guinea: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Kenya: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Liberia: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Madagascar: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Malawi: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Mali: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Madagascar: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Mauritania: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Mauritius: present, no further details (Williams and Williams, 1988)
Mozambique: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Nigeria: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Principe: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Réunion: present, no further details (Williams and Williams, 1988)
Rodrigues: present, no further details (Williams and Williams, 1988)
Sao Tomé: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Senegal: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Seychelles: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Sierra Leone: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Somalia: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
South Africa: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Sudan: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Tanzania: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Zanzibar: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Togo: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Uganda: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Zimbabwe: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Western Hemisphere
Bahamas: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Barbados: present, no further details (Bennett and Alam, 1985)
Bolivia: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Brazil: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Bahia: present, pest on cocoa (Silva, 1950; Claps et al., 2001a)
Ceará: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Guanabara: present, no further details (Silva et al., 1968)
Minas Gerais: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Pará: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Paraná: present, no further details (Silva et al., 1968)
Paraíba: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Pernambuco: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Rio de Janeiro: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Rio Grande do Norte: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Rio Grande do Sul: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Sao Paulo: present, no further details (Claps et al., 2001a)
Colombia: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982; Kondo, 2001)
Costa Rica: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Cuba: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Dominica: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Ecuador: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
El Salvador: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Guadeloupe: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Guatemala: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Guyana: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Jamaica: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Mexico: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982; Miller, 1996)
Nevis: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Panama: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Peru: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Puerto Rico: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
St Vincent: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Suriname: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Trinidad: present, no further details (CIE, 1981)
Uruguay: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
USA
Florida: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Venezuela: present, no further details (Clavijo, 1977; Nakahara, 1982)
Oceania
Australia: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Northern Territory: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK
Fiji: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
New Caledonia: present (Williams and Watson, 1988)
Tahiti: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Vanuatu: present (Williams and Watson, 1988)