Ashmead, 1880
Appearance in life
Scale cover of adult female circular, flat, yellow to black, with central or subcentral exuviae. Scale cover of immature male similar to female but smaller, oval with exuviae towards one end.
Morphology
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Adult female not pupillarial; body pyriform; prosoma membranous, pygidium with pattern of sclerotization. Prepygidial marginal spurs usually present. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well-developed unilobulate lobes, fourth lobes represented by sclerotized marginal serration; margin immediately anterior to fourth lobes usually heavily sclerotized. Lobes sometimes slightly convergent, graduated in size, usually with lateral notches on outer edges; median lobes each normally longer than wide, heavily sclerotized. Second and third lobes well sclerotized; slender paraphyses arising from bases of median to third lobes and between second and third lobes, each paraphysis longer than median lobe; paraphyses absent from anterior to fourth lobes. Plates as long as or slightly longer than lobes, those between the lobes always fringed; 2 present between median lobes, 2 between median and second lobes, 3 between second and third lobes; plates present between third and fourth lobes each with 1 or 2 long processes, these either fringed or fleshy and clavate; plates absent from anterior to fourth lobes. Anus circular to oval, usually smaller than median lobe, situated at about the posterior seventh of length of pygidium from its apex; vulva situated slightly anterior to centre of pygidium. Dorsal macroducts usually long and quite slender; usually 1 marginal duct between median lobes, 1 between median and second lobes, 1 between second and third lobes and 2 between third and fourth lobes on either side; submarginal ducts usually arranged in 3 distinct poriferous furrows between segments VIII and VII, VII and VI and VI and V on each side. Prepygidial marginal ducts usually present. Perivulvar pores present in 4-5 groups. Stigmatic disc pores absent; antennae situated fairly near mid-line, each bearing one seta.