MacGillivray, 1921
Appearance in life
Scale cover of adult female usually concealed beneath the epidermis of the host-plant's petioles or branches. Immature males occur crowded together on branches or petioles to form a cluster in which the insect bodies are held erect with the posterior end upwards, either covered by a fluffy mass of white wax filaments or with individual scale covers of smooth white wax (each cover with both dorsal and ventral scales well formed) (Takagi et al., 1989).
Morphology
Adult female not pupillarial; body fusiform to broadly turbinate. Derm membranous except for pygidium, and sometimes front of head (in R. shoreae Takagi, Pong and Ghee). Free abdominal segments more or less lobed laterally, without marginal sclerotized spurs. Pygidium more or less rounded, median lobes not recessed. Median lobes usually well developed, zygotic, either more or less fused through most of their length (in type species) or with a pair of marginal setae present between the bases; bases not widely separated; each lobe apically rounded, with outer margin sometimes slightly serrated. Second lobes more or less rudimentary, usually appearing unilobular with a small basal sclerosis. Third lobes rudimentary or represented by a small basal sclerosis only. Paraphyses absent. Gland spines long and simple or, in some species, those on pygidium with blunt or branched tips; absent from between the median lobes; present singly or in groups between the other lobes; groups of long, simple gland spines present also on abdominal segments V and IV at least; also present, or replaced by ventral conical duct tubercles, on segments further forward. Anus oval to rounded-triangular, wider than long, usually situated between centre and anterior 1/3 of pygidium; vulva situated at, or fairly near, centre of pygidium. Marginal macroducts same size as dorsal ducts or slightly larger, each orifice with a sclerotized rim, with the long axis tending to be parallel with the margin; sometimes associated with a slight pore prominence. Marginal macroducts usually numbering 6 or 7 on each side of the pygidium, tending to be irregular in arrangement, absent from between median lobes. Dorsal macroducts with oval orifices, same size as marginal ducts or slightly smaller, arranged in segmental rows of submarginal and submedian ducts along posterior margins of abdominal segments (usually present as far back as submargin of segment V, absent from segments VI - VIII); without any submedian macroducts being replaced by microducts; irregularly scattered on cephalothorax. Submarginal dorsal bosses sometimes present on either side of abdominal segment I. Ventral duct tubercles may be present anterior to abdominal segment IV. Perivulvar pores numerous, present in 5 groups. Stigmatic disc pores present in a compact cluster by anterior spiracle; fewer by, or absent from, posterior spiracle. Antennae sometimes situated quite near anterior margin; may be set quite close together; each antenna with 1 fleshy seta and sometimes with one or more scerotized spurs.