Cockerell, 1892
Appearance in life
Scale cover of adult female elongate, shaped like a mussel shell, more or less convex, yellow or brown, rarely white, with terminal exuviae. Scale cover of immature male different from that of female; small and elongated, white, felted, tricarinate, with terminal exuviae.
Morphology
Adult female not pupillarial; body elongate-fusiform, often widest at metathorax or abdominal segment I, then tapering to apex of pygidium. Derm membranous except for pygidium; metathorax and free abdominal segments often quite strongly lobed, without marginal sclerotized spurs. Pygidium triangular or slightly rounded. Median lobes well developed, prominent, with inner margins closely adpressed or, in a few species, even partially or entirely fused; notched laterally; without distinct marginal setae between the bases; lobes strongly zygotic, the yoke forming an elongate sclerosis. Second lobes usually present, smaller than median lobes, bilobed; occasionally reduced or obsolete. Third lobes much reduced or obsolete. Small ventral paraphyses in some species arising from the angles of the inner lobules of second lobes, usually converging slightly anteriorly. Gland spines well developed on the pygidium, present singly, absent from between the median lobes. Anus circular, usually situated between just anterior to the centre and the anterior 1/4 of the pygidium; vulva situated near centre of pygidium. In some species, pair of slender pre-anal scleroses present towards base of pygidium. Marginal macroducts slightly larger than dorsal ducts, each orifice with the long axis perpendicular to the margin; often associated with pore prominences; usually numbering 7 on each side of the pygidium (1 between median and second lobe, 2 by third lobe, 2 on segment V and usually 2 on segment IV), absent from between median lobes. Dorsal macroducts slightly smaller than marginal ducts, few, arranged in segmental submarginal rows; usually present as far back as submargin of segment VI but absent from segments VII or VIII; submedian ducts often absent or replaced partly or entirely by microducts; some prepygidial segments with scattered macroducts present on lateral lobes. Submarginal dorsal bosses sometimes present on either side, usually on abdominal segment III. Conical duct tubercles present anterior to abdominal segment III. Perivulvar pores present in 5 groups. Stigmatic disc pores present by anterior spiracle, often also present by posterior spiracle. Antennae each with 1 fleshy seta.