Cockerell, 1897
Appearance in life
Scale cover of adult female circular to oval, pale to dark, degree of convexity different in different species, with central or subcentral exuviae. Scale cover of immature male, when present, similar to female but smaller, elongate oval with central or subcentral exuviae.
Morphology
Adult female not pupillarial; body pyriform, membranous except for parts of pygidium. Pygidium with prominent median lobes, these sometimes appearing slightly convergent; second lobes smaller or reduced to sclerotized points; third lobes small or reduced to sclerotized points or absent. Second and third lobes, when both developed, usually graded in size, often more or less notched, at least at outer edges; marginal paraphyses present, shorter than median lobes, sometimes very robust. Dorsal marginal setae tapered, sometimes thickened basally, never lanceolate; seta at outer basal corner of each lobe sometimes longer than the lobe. Fringed plates well developed, as long as or longer than lobes; 2 present between median lobes (sometimes reduced), 2 between median and second lobes, 3 between second and third lobes, and usually present lateral to each third lobe, sometimes as far forward as fifth abdominal segment; plates beyond third lobe usually less elaborately fringed or reduced to filaments or absent. Anus large, rounded oval, as long as or longer than median lobe, situated within 3 of its diameters of apex of pygidium; vulva situated just anterior of middle of pygidium. Dorsal macroducts quite slender, variable in length; often 1 marginal duct between median lobes, 1 or 2 between median and second lobes, 2 between second and third lobes and 2 beyond third lobes on either side; submarginal ducts arranged in intersegmental rows or poriferous furrows between segments VIII and VII, VII and VI and VI and V on each side. Preygidium without plates, duct tubercles or macroducts. Perivulvar pores present (usually in 4 groups) or absent. Stigmatic disc pores absent; antennae quite widely spaced, each bearing 1 or 2 setae and a more or less developed, sclerotized spur.