(Maskell, 1895)
Diagnosis
Scale cover of adult female in life mussel-shaped, 1.5-4.0 mm long, flat, thin, white or pale to dark brownANDHAWL3.jpg , transparent, with dull copper terminal exuviae occupying 1/4 the length of the scale cover, but usually obscured under the epidermis of the host (Dekle, 1976; Ferris, 1937). Scale cover of male similar to that of female but smaller, 0.75-2.0 mm long, with terminal exuviae (Dekle, 1976).ANDHAL.jpg
ANDHAWL2.jpg and ANDHAWL1.jpg
Body of slide-mounted adult female elongate, more than 1.8 times as long as wide, membranous ANDHAS.jpg ; median lobes not zygotic, with pair of gland spines between bases; with a club-shaped internal sclerosis arising from the base of each median lobe; perivulvar pores present in five groups; with four to six enlarged marginal macroducts present on each side of pygidium. ANDHAP.jpg
Host range
Andaspis hawaiiensis is a polyphagous species that has been recorded on hosts from 14 plant families (Borchsenius, 1966). Hosts include species of: Acacia, Albizia, Aleurites, Baptisia, Calodendrum, Cassia, Castanea, Citrus, Erythrina, Eugenia, Hydrangea, Jasminum, Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, Malpighia, Mimosa, Mimusops, Punica, Pyrus, Rosa, Sambucus, Seaforthia, Solanum.
Affected plant stages: vegetative growing, flowering and fruiting stage
Affected plant parts: under the epidermis of the bark; occasionally on leaves and fruit
Biology and ecology
The biology of A. hawaiiensis has not been studied. Crawlers are the primary dispersal stage and move to new areas of the plant or are dispersed by wind or animal contact. Mortality due to abiotic factors is high in this stage. Dispersal of sessile adults and eggs occurs through human transport of infested plant material.
Economic impact
This species was recorded damaging the leaves and fruit of Citrus in Western Samoa by Dale, 1959, and Maddison, 1976. The species is not economically important in Florida (Dekle, 1976).
Detection and inspection methods
Examine the bark of host plants closely in good light to detect small irregularities in the surface of the bark epidermis that might indicate mussel scales concealed underneath. Examine leaves for brown mussel scales.
Natural enemies
The natural enemies of A. hawaiiensis have not been studied.
Distribution
See Andaspis hawaiiensis distribution.
Microscopic examination of slide-mounted adult females is required for authoritative identification to species.
Andaspis numerata Brimblecombe, 1959, ANDNUML1.jpg could be misidentified as A. hawaiiensis but has a row of small, submedian dorsal macroducts on each side of abdominal segment VI, about 12 dorsal macroducts on each side of segment V, and more than 3 setae on each antenna. In contrast, A. hawaiiensis has no submedian dorsal macroducts on abdominal segment VI, more than 35 dorsal macroducts on each side of segment V, and 2 setae on each antenna ANDHAP.jpg. Andaspis numerata is known from India (West Bengal), Pakistan, Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea and Tonga, and is probably more widely distributed in the Pacific islands (Williams and Watson, 1988); it has been recorded on species of Camellia, Cedrela and Hibiscus.
Andaspis punicae (Laing, 1929a) could be misidentified as A. hawaiiensis but has several submedian dorsal macroducts on each side of abdominal segment VI, and about 15 dorsal macroducts on each side of segment V. In contrast, A. hawaiiensis has no submedian dorsal macroducts on abdominal segment VI, and more than 35 dorsal macroducts on each side of segment V ANDHAP.jpg. Andaspis punicae has been recorded from Tanzania and Zimbabwe on species of Acacia, Litchi and Punica.
Comments
Andaspis hawaiiensis is a tropical species whose area of origin is not known; it has not been recorded from Europe, or from Australia.
Asia
China
Fujian: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Shandong: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Guangdong: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Hong Kong: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Hainan: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
India
Tamil Nadu: The Natural History Museum collection, London, UK.
Japan: present, cannot read any further details (Kawai, 1980; Tao, 1999)
Okinawa: present, no further details (data from S. Kawai photograph)
Philippines: present, no further details (Lit, 1988)
South-East Asia: present, no further details (Danzig and Pellizzari, 1998)
Sri Lanka: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Taiwan: present, no further details (Tao, 1999)
Africa
Algeria: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
South Africa: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Western Hemisphere
Barbados: present, no further details (Bennett and Alam, 1985)
Central America: present, no further details (Danzig and Pellizzari, 1998)
Cuba: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Jamaica: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
North America: present, no further details (Danzig and Pellizzari, 1998)
USA
Florida: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
District of Colombia: under glass (Nakahara, 1982)
Hawaii: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1981)
Maryland: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Oceania
Bonin Is: present, no further details (Nakahara, 1982)
Cook Is: present (Williams and Watson, 1988)
Western Samoa: present (Williams and Watson, 1988)