Cockerell, 1892
Appearance in life
Scale cover of adult female thin and papery, usually circular to oval, flat to moderately convex, white to yellow or grey or brown, with subcentral or marginal exuviae. Scale cover of immature male similar in colour and texture to that of female, but small, elongate, with exuviae at or near one end.
Morphology
Adult female not pupillarial; body turbinate to oval, membranous except for pygidium; lateral lobes of free abdominal segments slightly developed, never with marginal sclerotized spurs. Pygidium broad and rounded. Median lobes well developed, parallel, widely separated, never zygotic; each lobe more or less symmetrical; a pair of marginal setae present between them. Second lobes same size or larger than median lobes, bilobed, the outer lobe reduced or absent; third lobes normally reduced to a single poorly defined lobe. Ventral paraphyses usually present, arising from basal corners of median lobes at least. Gland spines present on pygidium and abdominal segments III and IV, quite small; a pair of slightly divergent gland spines present between median lobes, slightly longer than the lobes, giving a forked or fish-tail appearance. Anus large, elongate-oval to elongate, rounded-triangular, situated near posterior 1/3 to 1/4 of pygidium; vulva situated between centre and anterior 1/3 of pygidium. Marginal macroducts numbering 5 on either side (1 between median and second lobes, 2 associated with the third lobe, 2 on the fifth segment); without any duct on a spur on the fourth segment; with or without a duct between median lobes; each marginal macroduct large, with a sclerotized rim and with the long axis of the orifice perpendicular to the pygidial margin. Dorsal macroducts sometimes present in 2 sizes; a large duct, as big as a marginal duct, sometimes present submarginally on segment VII: the other dorsal ducts smaller than marginal ducts, scattered in a submarginal zone between segments III and VII. Submarginal dorsal bosses absent. Ventral duct tubercles absent. Perivulvar pores usually present in 4-5 groups. Stigmatic disc pores absent. Antennae each usually with only 1 seta.