Cockerell, 1897
Appearance in life
Scale cover of adult female circular, highly convex, thick, dark coloured, with subcentral or central exuviae. Scale cover of immature male elongate with exuviae at one end.
Morphology
Adult female not pupillarial; body approximately pyriform, but with a deep constriction between the prothorax and the rest of the body; prepygidium often more or less sclerotized. Pygidium sclerotized, with a pattern of areolations or tessellations over the central area, and more lateral sclerotized bands which envelop the series of pores; with angle at apex more or less obtuse. Pygidium with 4 pairs of well-developed unilobulate lobes, parallel with longitudinal axis, lobes usually notched at least on outer margin; median lobes prominent, somewhat elongate, may appear zygotic in some species; other lobes smaller than median lobes, often about twice as long as wide; occasionally fourth lobes reduced to a sclerotized spur; margin anterior to fourth lobe often more or less sclerotized and toothed or crenulate. Marginal intersegmental paraphyses present but weakly developed. Dorsal marginal setae flagellate; seta at outer corner of each pygidial segment sometimes about as long as a median lobe. Plates small, slightly shorter than or slightly longer than lobes, tending to be apically chelate or bifurcate, with a very long, slender duct opening through each plate; 1 - 2 present between median lobes; 2 present between median and second lobes, 3 between second and third lobes, 3 between third and fourth lobes; absent anterior to fourth lobe. Anus small, shorter than median lobe, elongate-oval, situated at about posterior quarter to third of pygidium; vulva situated at about anterior third of pygidium. Dorsal macroducts usually numerous, slender, fairly short to long; absent from between median lobes. Submarginal ducts arranged in well-defined rows or series. Preygidium usually with marginal ducts; without plates or duct tubercles. Perivulvar pores usually present in 2 - 5 groups. Stigmatic disc pores present by each anterior spiracle; antennae quite widely spaced, each bearing 1 seta and a more or less developed, sclerotized spur.